Violencia de masas y atrocidades en las guerras griegas y romanas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53351/20hnyr09Palabras clave:
Atrocidades, Violencia de masas, Guerra en la Antigua Roma, Guerra en la Antigua Grecia, NormasResumen
En las fuentes históricas griegas y romanas se infiere que los ejércitos y comunidades derrotados sufrían terribles consecuencias a manos de sus enemigos. Las fuentes describen a menudo ejércitos victoriosos que masacran o esclavizan a los cautivos y destruyen las ciudades capturadas. No obstante, a pesar de la ubicuidad de la violencia de masas en las guerras de la Antigüedad mediterránea, múltiples actos de violencia en tiempo de guerra suscitaron perplejidad, disgusto y condena, y así quedó recogido en las fuentes griegas y romanas. Algunos autores antiguos condenaron la violencia de masas con sus propias voces, mientras que otros informaron de una conmoción e indignación generalizadas en respuesta a los actos violentos. Dichas reacciones sugieren que en las guerras de la Antigüedad existían limitaciones normativas a la violencia, y que los observadores griegos y romanos consideraban atrocidades algunas modalidades de violencia de masas. Dicho de otro modo: ciertos actos de violencia eran percibidos como transgresiones censurables.
El presente artículo examina las reacciones negativas a la violencia de masas en los textos históricos griegos y romanos y busca responder a una pregunta: ¿cuándo y en qué circunstancias los griegos y los romanos consideraban una atrocidad la violencia de masas? Argumentamos que la violencia de masas suscitó reacciones negativas, sobre todo en contextos y circunstancias específicos. Primero, los autores antiguos catalogaban la violencia de masas como atrocidad cuando las víctimas eran inocentes. Por ejemplo, si estas no habían cometido ninguna ofensa directa contra sus agresores, los autores antiguos reaccionaban con perplejidad, disgusto y enojo. Segundo, estos autores caracterizaban la violencia de masas como atrocidad cuando tenía lugar como un acto de traición. Cuando ciudades, poblaciones o personas indefensas eran masacradas a raíz de una traición, los autores antiguos tienden a condenar a los agresores y sus actos violentos. Tercero, algunos autores griegos y romanos condenaban el asesinato y la esclavización de enemigos rendidos, en especial cuando la parte victoriosa ya había aceptado una rendición pacífica o había prometido seguridad a los vencidos. En todos estos casos, los autores antiguos juzgaban que las víctimas de la violencia de masas no merecían ser tratadas con brutalidad. Cuando griegos y romanos trataban de justificar la violencia de masas, aludían a los presuntos motivos por los que sus víctimas merecían ese cruel destino.
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